Which are the causes of Wilms Tumor?

Wilms tumor, also known as nephroblastoma, is a rare type of kidney cancer that primarily affects children. It typically occurs in children aged 3 to 4 years and is relatively uncommon in older children or adults. The exact cause of Wilms tumor is not yet fully understood, but several factors have been identified that may contribute to its development.

Genetic predisposition: In some cases, Wilms tumor can be associated with certain genetic conditions, such as WAGR syndrome, Denys-Drash syndrome, or Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome. These conditions involve specific gene mutations that increase the risk of developing Wilms tumor. However, it is important to note that most cases of Wilms tumor occur sporadically without any known genetic predisposition.

Abnormal kidney development: Wilms tumor is believed to arise from abnormal kidney development during fetal growth. The kidneys develop from primitive cells that differentiate into specialized structures. If this process is disrupted or goes awry, it can lead to the formation of a Wilms tumor. The exact mechanisms behind these developmental abnormalities are still being studied.

Environmental factors: While the majority of Wilms tumors occur sporadically, some studies suggest that certain environmental factors may play a role in its development. Exposure to certain chemicals or substances during pregnancy, such as tobacco smoke, certain medications, or maternal alcohol consumption, has been associated with an increased risk of Wilms tumor. However, more research is needed to establish a definitive link.

Family history: In rare cases, there may be a familial predisposition to Wilms tumor. Children with a sibling or parent who has had Wilms tumor may have a slightly higher risk of developing the condition themselves. However, the overall risk remains relatively low, and most cases occur in individuals with no family history of the disease.

Other factors: Some studies have suggested a potential link between birth weight and the risk of Wilms tumor. Children with higher birth weights may have a slightly increased risk, although the underlying reasons for this association are not yet fully understood. Additionally, certain birth defects, such as genitourinary abnormalities or aniridia (absence of the iris), have been found to be associated with an increased risk of Wilms tumor.

It is important to note that while these factors may contribute to the development of Wilms tumor, the majority of cases occur without any identifiable cause. The exact interplay between genetic, environmental, and developmental factors in the development of Wilms tumor is still an active area of research.