Which are the symptoms of Lennox-Gastaut syndrome?

Lennox-Gastaut syndrome (LGS) is a rare and severe form of epilepsy that typically begins in childhood. It is characterized by multiple types of seizures, cognitive impairment, and abnormal electrical activity in the brain. LGS accounts for about 1-4% of childhood epilepsy cases and can have a significant impact on the quality of life for those affected.

Seizures: One of the defining features of LGS is the presence of multiple seizure types. These seizures can vary in frequency, duration, and intensity. The most common seizure types seen in LGS include:

• Tonic seizures: These seizures cause sudden stiffening of the muscles, often resulting in falls or injuries.


• Atonic seizures: Also known as "drop attacks," these seizures cause a sudden loss of muscle tone, leading to falls or head drops.


• Absence seizures: These seizures cause a brief loss of consciousness, often accompanied by staring spells.


• Myoclonic seizures: These seizures manifest as sudden, brief muscle jerks that can affect various parts of the body.


• Clonic seizures: These seizures involve rhythmic, repetitive jerking movements of the muscles.

Cognitive Impairment: Individuals with LGS often experience cognitive and developmental delays. These can range from mild to severe and may affect various aspects of intellectual functioning, including learning, memory, attention, and problem-solving skills. The cognitive impairment associated with LGS can significantly impact educational attainment and overall cognitive abilities.

Abnormal Electrical Activity: Electroencephalogram (EEG) recordings of individuals with LGS typically show a characteristic pattern of abnormal electrical activity in the brain. This pattern, known as slow spike-and-wave complexes, is often present during wakefulness and sleep. The abnormal EEG findings can help in the diagnosis of LGS and differentiate it from other types of epilepsy.

Behavioral and Psychiatric Issues: In addition to seizures and cognitive impairment, individuals with LGS may also exhibit behavioral and psychiatric problems. These can include hyperactivity, impulsivity, aggression, anxiety, depression, and difficulties with social interactions. The behavioral and psychiatric issues associated with LGS can further complicate the management and treatment of the condition.

Physical and Motor Problems: LGS can also give rise to various physical and motor problems. These can include muscle weakness, coordination difficulties, balance problems, and difficulties with fine motor skills. These physical challenges can impact mobility, independence, and overall physical functioning.

Other Associated Symptoms: Some individuals with LGS may experience additional symptoms, such as sleep disturbances, gastrointestinal issues, and autonomic dysfunction. Sleep disturbances can include difficulties falling asleep or staying asleep, frequent nighttime awakenings, and excessive daytime sleepiness. Gastrointestinal issues may manifest as constipation or gastroesophageal reflux. Autonomic dysfunction can lead to problems with temperature regulation, heart rate, and blood pressure control.

It is important to note that the symptoms and severity of LGS can vary widely among individuals. While some may experience frequent and severe seizures along with significant cognitive and physical impairments, others may have milder symptoms and better overall functioning. Early diagnosis and appropriate management are crucial in optimizing the outcomes and quality of life for individuals with LGS.