Which are the causes of Aquagenic urticaria?

Aquagenic urticaria, also known as water allergy, is a rare condition characterized by the development of hives or welts on the skin after contact with water. This condition is not well understood, and its exact causes remain unclear. However, several factors have been suggested to contribute to the development of aquagenic urticaria.

Genetic Predisposition

Genetics may play a role in the development of aquagenic urticaria. Some studies have suggested that certain genetic mutations or variations may increase the likelihood of developing this condition. However, more research is needed to fully understand the genetic factors involved.

Abnormal Skin Reaction

Aquagenic urticaria is believed to be caused by an abnormal reaction of the skin to water. It is thought that water triggers the release of histamine and other chemicals in the skin, leading to the development of hives. Histamine is a compound involved in the body's immune response and is responsible for the itching, redness, and swelling associated with allergic reactions.

Changes in Skin Barrier Function

Changes in the skin barrier function may also contribute to the development of aquagenic urticaria. The skin acts as a protective barrier, preventing the entry of harmful substances. In individuals with aquagenic urticaria, it is believed that water may penetrate the skin more easily, triggering an immune response and the release of histamine.

Underlying Medical Conditions

Some underlying medical conditions have been associated with aquagenic urticaria. These conditions include polycythemia vera, a rare blood disorder characterized by the overproduction of red blood cells, and mastocytosis, a condition in which there is an abnormal accumulation of mast cells in various tissues of the body. However, it is important to note that aquagenic urticaria can also occur in individuals without any underlying medical conditions.

Hormonal Changes

Hormonal changes may influence the development of aquagenic urticaria. Some cases of aquagenic urticaria have been reported to occur or worsen during puberty, pregnancy, or menopause. These hormonal changes may affect the skin's sensitivity to water and contribute to the development of hives.

Environmental Factors

Environmental factors may also play a role in aquagenic urticaria. For example, exposure to chlorinated water or water at certain temperatures may trigger hives in individuals with this condition. Additionally, humidity and sweating may exacerbate symptoms in some cases.

Treatment and Management

Aquagenic urticaria is a chronic condition that currently has no known cure. However, there are several treatment and management options available to help alleviate symptoms and improve quality of life. These may include:

• Antihistamines: These medications can help reduce the release of histamine and alleviate itching, redness, and swelling.


• Topical corticosteroids: These creams or ointments can be applied to the affected areas to reduce inflammation and relieve symptoms.


• Phototherapy: Exposure to specific wavelengths of light, such as ultraviolet A (UVA) or ultraviolet B (UVB), may help reduce symptoms in some individuals.


• Avoidance of triggers: Identifying and avoiding specific triggers, such as certain water temperatures or chemicals, may help prevent or minimize the occurrence of hives.


• Moisturizing: Regularly moisturizing the skin can help improve its barrier function and reduce water penetration.

It is important for individuals with aquagenic urticaria to consult with a healthcare professional for an accurate diagnosis and appropriate management plan. Each person's experience with this condition may vary, and treatment options should be tailored to their specific needs.