Which are the causes of Phyllodes tumor?

Phyllodes tumors are rare fibroepithelial tumors that develop in the breast. They are typically characterized by a leaf-like growth pattern, hence the name "phyllodes" which means leaf-like in Greek. These tumors are most commonly found in women in their 40s, although they can occur at any age. While the exact cause of phyllodes tumors is not fully understood, several factors have been identified that may contribute to their development.

Genetic Factors

Genetic factors are believed to play a role in the development of phyllodes tumors. Studies have shown that certain genetic mutations, such as mutations in the MED12 gene, are commonly found in these tumors. The MED12 gene is involved in regulating cell growth and division, and mutations in this gene may lead to the uncontrolled growth of cells in the breast tissue, contributing to the formation of phyllodes tumors.

Hormonal Influences

Hormonal influences have also been suggested as a potential cause of phyllodes tumors. Estrogen and progesterone, two hormones that play a role in the development and maintenance of breast tissue, may contribute to the growth of these tumors. Some studies have found that phyllodes tumors express estrogen and progesterone receptors, indicating that these hormones may stimulate their growth. However, further research is needed to fully understand the relationship between hormones and phyllodes tumors.

Prior Breast Conditions

Having certain prior breast conditions may increase the risk of developing phyllodes tumors. For example, individuals with a history of fibroadenomas, another type of benign breast tumor, may have a higher risk of developing phyllodes tumors. Additionally, individuals who have undergone radiation therapy to the chest area, such as for the treatment of Hodgkin's lymphoma, may also be at an increased risk.

Age and Gender

Phyllodes tumors are more commonly diagnosed in women, particularly those in their 40s. However, they can occur in men as well, although it is extremely rare. The reason for the gender difference in incidence is not well understood. Additionally, the risk of developing phyllodes tumors tends to decrease with age, with the highest incidence occurring in middle-aged women.

Other Factors

While less well-established, other factors may also contribute to the development of phyllodes tumors. These include obesity, a history of breast trauma or injury, and certain genetic syndromes such as Li-Fraumeni syndrome. However, more research is needed to determine the extent of their influence on tumor formation.

In conclusion, the exact causes of phyllodes tumors are not fully understood. However, genetic factors, hormonal influences, prior breast conditions, age, and gender are believed to play a role in their development. Further research is needed to gain a deeper understanding of these factors and their interplay in the formation of phyllodes tumors.